La «qabila»: historia de la matrona olvidada de al-Andalus (siglos VIII-XV) / The qabila: history of the forgotten Andalusian midwife (VIII-XV Centuries)

La qabila fue la matrona hispano-árabe andalusí (s. VIII-XV). El objetivo de esta revisión histórica es dar a conocer parte del saber obstétrico ilustrado de la época en el que la matrona fundamentó su quehacer profesional.Por su condición de mujer no escribió libros, transmitiendo sus conocimientos oralmente. Asistió partos eutócicos y distócicos. Durante la dilatación aconsejaba la deambulación, no practicaba amniorrexis ni episiotomías y atendía el expulsivo en posición vertical. En el alumbramiento utilizaba maniobras suaves, y en las retenciones placentarias realizaba extracciones manuales. Hizo uso de la alimentación, las plantas medicinales y los fármacos. En los cuidados del recién nacido no incluía el con- tacto precoz ni la toma de calostro. Parte de su legado ha sobrevivido hasta nuestros días. (AU)

The qabila was the Hispano-Arabic midwife in Andalusia from the 8th through to the 15th century. The aim of this review is to detail the enlightened obstetric knowledge existing in that era, upon which the duties and procedures undertaken by the midwife were based.Women then could not write books, so the midwife would pass on her knowledge in the spoken tradition. She took part in both eutocic and dystocic births. At the cervical dilation stage, the midwife would encourage walking, she did not practice amniorrhexis or episiotomy, and labour was undergone in the standing position. During delivery, gentle manoeuvres were recommended and placenta retention was extracted manually. Specialized diet, medicinal plants and pharmaceutical compounds all played their part in preparing the mother, while post-natally, the midwife allowed neither early contact nor the consumption of colostrum. Much of her legacy has survived to this day. (AU)

CONASS 30 anos

Vídeo comemorativo aos 30 anos do Conselho Nacional de Secretários de Saúde. Um breve histórico da saúde pública brasileira e do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), desde antes da criação do CONASS, em 1982.

El sistema hospitalario catalán entre 1889 y 1986: el predominio de lo privado sobre lo público / The Catalonian hospital system between 1889 and 1986: the predominance of the private over the public

Este trabajo se centra en el estudio del sistema hospitalario catalán desde la década de 1880 hasta la aprobación de la primera Ley General de Sanidad (1986), ya en el marco democrático. Dentro de este contexto, el estudio trata de analizar las diferencias del modelo hospitalario catalán respecto a otros territorios, sigularidades basadas sobre todo en la importancia de su red hospitalaria privada, que presenta un mayor peso desde el punto de vista histórico que la oferta pública. El estudio determinará los principales factores que han configurado esta diferencia histórica y sus consecuencias sobre la construcción y funcionamiento del sistema hospitalario catalán en el largo plazo

This work focussess on the study of the Catalonian hospital system from the decade of the 1889s to the approval of the first General Law of Halthcare (1986), already within the democratic framework. Within this context, the study tries to analyse the Catalonian hospital system with respect to other territories, peculiarities based above all on the importance of its network of private hospitals, which has more weight historically than the public offer. This study Will determine the primary factors that have mad up this historical difference and their long term consequences on the construction and functioning of the Catloniana hospital system

Juan Guiteras Gener y Carlos de la Torre Huerta. Dos científicos nacidos en la Calle Río de la ciudad de Matanzas / Juan Guiteras Gener y Carlos de la Torre Huerta. Two scientifics born on Río Street, city of Matanzas

La vida de personalidades científicas es parte de la historia de las ciencias. En Cuba se ha postulado la existencia de una ciencia nacional desde la colonia. La dirección fundamental de la existencia personal está influida por experiencias de los primeros años, dadas por el ambiente en que se desarrolla la personalidad. Las condiciones en determinados momentos históricos permiten el desarrollo de personalidades destacadas, lo que pudiera contraponerse a coincidencias históricas. En la década de 1850 vieron la luz en la calle Rio, en Matanzas, dos figuras trascendentales: los doctores Carlos de la Torre Huerta y Juan Guiteras Gener destacados, en malacología y zoología el primero, y en patología médica, entomología y salud pública el segundo. Se exponen elementos comunes entre ambos, como cercanía en momento y lugar de nacimiento, estudios en el colegio "La Empresa", ser hijos de profesores del mismo; estar titulados en medicina y tener conocimientos en ciencias naturales y pedagógicas, entre otros que influyeron en sus actitudes y logros (AU).

The life of scientific personalities is part of the history of the sciences. The existence of a national science has been postulated in Cuba since the colonial period. The main direction of the personal existence is influenced by the experience of the first years, given by the environment in which the personality develops. The conditions in different historical moments allow the development of outstanding personalities, a phenomena that could be in opposition to historical coincidences. In the decade of 1850, two transcendental figures were born on Rio Street, in Matanzas: the doctors Carlos de la Torre y Huerta y Juan Guiteras Gener, both distinguished, in malacology and zoology the first, and in medical pathology, entomology and public health the second. Several commons elements of both of them are exposed, like nearness of birth date and place, studies in the college "La Empresa", being sons of professors of the same college, being graduated as doctors, and having knowledge on natural and pedagogical sciences, among others factors that influenced their attitudes and achievements (AU).

Juan Guiteras Gener y Carlos de la Torre Huerta. Dos científicos nacidos en la Calle Río de la ciudad de Matanzas / Juan Guiteras Gener y Carlos de la Torre Huerta. Two scientifics born on Río Street, city of Matanzas

La vida de personalidades científicas es parte de la historia de las ciencias. En Cuba se ha postulado la existencia de una ciencia nacional desde la colonia. La dirección fundamental de la existencia personal está influida por experiencias de los primeros años, dadas por el ambiente en que se desarrolla la personalidad. Las condiciones en determinados momentos históricos permiten el desarrollo de personalidades destacadas, lo que pudiera contraponerse a coincidencias históricas. En la década de 1850 vieron la luz en la calle Rio, en Matanzas, dos figuras trascendentales: los doctores Carlos de la Torre Huerta y Juan Guiteras Gener destacados, en malacología y zoología el primero, y en patología médica, entomología y salud pública el segundo. Se exponen elementos comunes entre ambos, como cercanía en momento y lugar de nacimiento, estudios en el colegio "La Empresa", ser hijos de profesores del mismo; estar titulados en medicina y tener conocimientos en ciencias naturales y pedagógicas, entre otros que influyeron en sus actitudes y logros (AU).

The life of scientific personalities is part of the history of the sciences. The existence of a national science has been postulated in Cuba since the colonial period. The main direction of the personal existence is influenced by the experience of the first years, given by the environment in which the personality develops. The conditions in different historical moments allow the development of outstanding personalities, a phenomena that could be in opposition to historical coincidences. In the decade of 1850, two transcendental figures were born on Rio Street, in Matanzas: the doctors Carlos de la Torre y Huerta y Juan Guiteras Gener, both distinguished, in malacology and zoology the first, and in medical pathology, entomology and public health the second. Several commons elements of both of them are exposed, like nearness of birth date and place, studies in the college "La Empresa", being sons of professors of the same college, being graduated as doctors, and having knowledge on natural and pedagogical sciences, among others factors that influenced their attitudes and achievements (AU).

Leandro Lantigua Bayón: paradigma de la profesión médica cubana / Leandro Lantigua Bayón: paradigm of the Cuban medical profession

La desatención médica fue característica general de los mal llamados gobiernos democráticos de la Cuba anterior a 1959. Colón no estaba ajeno a esta situación que vivía el país, por lo que representantes de los que sí cuidaban con honor la salud de nuestro pueblo, no podían faltar como dignos ejemplos revolucionarios. En este contexto histórico comienza a trabajar en esta localidad el Dr. Leandro Lantigua Bayón en el año 1951, identificado plenamente con el carácter científico de su profesión y nunca al margen de los problemas que agobiaban a su pueblo, manteniendo ambos principios siempre unidos. Tras el triunfo revolucionario se convierte en el Profesor de Cirugía de este municipio. Su experiencia la trasmite a gran parte de los cirujanos que hoy laboran en esta provincia. Los actuales médicos y especialmente los cirujanos colombinos defienden con orgullo los postulados que legara tras las horas de trabajo bajo su tutela. Precisamente dar a conocer la vida de este gran médico es el objetivo de nuestro trabajo (AU).

The medical neglect was a general characteristic of the so-called democratic governments of Cuba prior to 1959. Columbus was not unaware of this situation that the country was living in, so that representatives of those who did honorably care for the health of our people could not Lack as worthy revolutionary examples. In this historical context, Dr. Leandro Lantigua Bayón began working in this area in 1951, fully identified with the scientific nature of his profession and never apart from the problems that overwhelmed his people, keeping both principles always united. After the revolutionary triumph he becomes the Professor of Surgery of this municipality. His experience transmits it to many of the surgeons who work in this province today. The current doctors and especially the Colombian surgeons defend with pride the postulates that he would leave behind the hours of work under his guardianship. To make known the life of this great doctor is the objective of our work (AU).

Leandro Lantigua Bayón: paradigma de la profesión médica cubana / Leandro Lantigua Bayón: paradigm of the Cuban medical profession

La desatención médica fue característica general de los mal llamados gobiernos democráticos de la Cuba anterior a 1959. Colón no estaba ajeno a esta situación que vivía el país, por lo que representantes de los que sí cuidaban con honor la salud de nuestro pueblo, no podían faltar como dignos ejemplos revolucionarios. En este contexto histórico comienza a trabajar en esta localidad el Dr. Leandro Lantigua Bayón en el año 1951, identificado plenamente con el carácter científico de su profesión y nunca al margen de los problemas que agobiaban a su pueblo, manteniendo ambos principios siempre unidos. Tras el triunfo revolucionario se convierte en el Profesor de Cirugía de este municipio. Su experiencia la trasmite a gran parte de los cirujanos que hoy laboran en esta provincia. Los actuales médicos y especialmente los cirujanos colombinos defienden con orgullo los postulados que legara tras las horas de trabajo bajo su tutela. Precisamente dar a conocer la vida de este gran médico es el objetivo de nuestro trabajo (AU).

The medical neglect was a general characteristic of the so-called democratic governments of Cuba prior to 1959. Columbus was not unaware of this situation that the country was living in, so that representatives of those who did honorably care for the health of our people could not Lack as worthy revolutionary examples. In this historical context, Dr. Leandro Lantigua Bayón began working in this area in 1951, fully identified with the scientific nature of his profession and never apart from the problems that overwhelmed his people, keeping both principles always united. After the revolutionary triumph he becomes the Professor of Surgery of this municipality. His experience transmits it to many of the surgeons who work in this province today. The current doctors and especially the Colombian surgeons defend with pride the postulates that he would leave behind the hours of work under his guardianship. To make known the life of this great doctor is the objective of our work (AU).

A transnacionalização do parto normal no Brasil: um estudo das últimas cinco décadas / The transnationalization of normal childbirth in Brazil: a study of the last five decades

Nos últimos anos têm ocorrido mudanças no sistema obstétrico brasileiro, em função da distância entre o cenário nacional e recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde e da atuação de movimentos sociais. Isso evidencia a necessidade de considerar tanto o contexto nacional como o internacional. A fim de compreender a influência da transnacionalização no parto normal no Brasil, conduziu-se uma pesquisa documental para rastrear a evolução do sistema obstétrico no país. Como resultado, observou-se que a trajetória histórica do parto normal não se restringiu às fronteiras nacionais, tendo padrões e recomendações transnacionais impactado localmente, direcionando a criação de novas regulamentações.(AU)

Fidel: paradigma de los médicos cubanos / Fidel: the Cuban doctors' paradigm

Se revisan documentos relacionados con el desarrollo de la salud pública cubana después del triunfo de la Revolución y la ayuda a otros pueblos del mundo. Se constata la participación directa del Comandante en Jefe Fidel Castro Ruz en muchos de los logros alcanzados por Cuba en materia de salud y en la práctica del internacionalismo proletario. Asimismo, se demuestra que la voluntad revolucionaria de un hombre como Fidel pudo movilizar la conciencia humana por un mundo mejor(AU)

Documents related to the development of the Cuban public health after the victory of the Revolution and the help to other countries are reviewed. The Commander in Chief Fidel Castro Ruz direct participation is verified in many of the achievements reached by Cuba regarding health and in the practice of the proletarian internationalism. Also, it is demonstrated that the revolutionary will of a man as Fidel could mobilize the human conscience for a better world(AU)

Revolución científica de la salud familiar en Chile / Scientific Revolution of family health in Chile / Revolução Científica de saúde da familia no Chile

ResumenIntroducción. El objetivo de la presente reflexión es analizar el cambio de modelo de atención en salud en Chile.Desarrollo. Se analiza el marco conceptual de la estructura de las Revoluciones Científicas de Thomas Kuhn, mediante un procedimiento que compare el proceso de cambio vivido en el país desde un paradigma de salud tradicional con un marcado principio biomédico, hasta la adopción del Modelo de Atención Integral de Salud Familiar con un enfoque biopsicosocial, el cual considere el proceso de transformación de los diferentes actores, principalmente de la Enfermería Comunitaria.Conclusión. La mudanza de modelo de salud en Chile corresponde a una Revolución Científica. Esta visión de salud es un pilar en la atención de enfermería y en su rol como profesional del equipo de salud comunitario.

AbstractIntroduction. The aim of this reflection is to analyze the model change health care in Chile.Development. The conceptual framework of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas Kuhn is analyzed by a method that compares the process of change lived in the country from a paradigm of traditional health with a strong biomedical first, until the adoption of the Model of Comprehensive Care Family health with a biopsychosocial approach, which considers the transformation process of the different actors, mainly from the Community Nursing.Conclusion. Moving health model in Chile corresponds to a Scientific Revolution. This vision of health is a pillar in nursing care and its role as a professional community health team.

ResumoIntrodução.O objetivo da presente reflexão é analisar a mudança de modelo de atenção na saúde no Chile.Desenvolvimento.O marco conceitual a estrutura das Revoluções Científicas de Thomas Kuhn, mediante um procedimento que compare o processo de mudança vivido no país desde um paradigma da saúde tradicional com um marcado princípio biomédico, até a adoção do Modelo de Atenção Integral de Saúde Familiar com um enfoque biopsicosocial, o qual considera o processo de transformação dos diferentes autores, principalmente da Enfermagem Comunitária.ConclusõesConclui-se que a mudança do modelo de saúde no Chile corresponde a uma Revolução Científica. Esta visão de saúde é um pilar na atenção da enfermagem e em seu papel como profissional da equipe de saúde comunitária.

Enrique Sáez Bringuier. Jefe de sanidad de la primera división del quinto cuerpo del Ejército Libertador / Enrique Sáez Bringuier. Chief of Health of the First Division of the Fifth Corpus of the Liberator Army

Los sentimientos independentistas varados con el Pacto del Zanjón renacieron de nuevo con mucha fuerza, en 1895. En esta gesta participa una hornada de fervorosos cardenenses dispuesta a ofrendar sus vidas para conseguir la libertad de la patria. Varios médicos se alistan en la contienda. Entre ellos Enrique Sáez Bringuier, graduado con el título de licenciado de Medicina y Cirugía, el 18 de julio de 1892, en la Real Universidad de La Habana. Formó parte de la brigada de Cárdenas del quinto cuerpo del Ejército Libertador, en la Guerra del 95. Fue ascendido a coronel y designado Jefe de Sanidad de la Primera División del Quinto Cuerpo del Ejército Libertador, encargado general de la Organización de hospitales y prefecturas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue abordar la vida de Enrique Sáez Bringuier. Jefe de Sanidad de la Primera División del Quinto Cuerpo del Ejercito Libertador. (AU)

The independence feelings, stopped by the Pact of Zajón, were strongly reborn again in 1895. A crop of zealous citizens of Cardenas, ready to give their lives for achieving homeland freedom, participated in this feat. Several physicians joined the fight; among them was Enriquez Sáez Bringuier, who was graduated with the title of Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery on July 18, 1892, in the Royal University of Havana. He integrated the Brigade of Cardenas, of the Fifth Corpus of the Liberator Army, in the 1895 War. He was ascent to the rank of Colonel and nominated Chief of Health of the First Division of the Fifth Corpus of the Liberator Army, being in charge of the organization of hospitals and prefectures. The aim of this work was approaching the life of Enrique Saez Bringuier. (AU)

Avaliação do acesso aos exames laboratoriais para pacientes atendidos nas Unidades de Saúde da Família de Vitória da Conquista, BA / Evaluation of access to laboratory tests for patients treated in the health units of Vitória da Conquista family, BA

O direito à saúde no Brasil foi construído através de modificações diversas, impulsionadas por diferentes acontecimentos históricos, econômicos, sociais e políticos. Com a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988, o direito à saúde passou a ser um direito fundamental, permitindo o surgimento do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O SUS formalmente passou a garantir acesso gratuito a diversos tipos de serviços de saúde, mas não necessariamente implicou na garantia efetiva desse acesso. Ao falar nos serviços de saúde ofertados pelo SUS, é razoável mostrar que os exames laboratoriais existem como ferramentas fundamentais para permitir a integralidade da atenção à saúde tão necessária aos seus usuários. Dentro deste contexto, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar o acesso aos exames laboratoriais para os pacientes atendidos nas Unidades de Saúde da Família (USF), do município de Vitória da Conquista, BA. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de abordagem quantitativa, cuja coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de um questionário semiestruturado, adaptado da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, que investigou características do usuário atendido na USF, serviço prestado pela USF e serviço para encaminhamento e realização de exames laboratoriais. As USFs selecionadas foram Urbis V, Recanto das Águas, Iguá e São Sebastião. A população foi composta por indivíduos adultos atendidos em USFs do município de Vitória da Conquista, com idade igual ou superior a 20 anos. Realizou-se análise descritiva assim como univariada e multivariada. Comparou-se o número de pacientes que realizaram o exame laboratorial em menos de um ano àqueles com exame laboratorial ocorrido há mais de um ano. Verificou-se que, dos 522 pacientes entrevistados nas USFs, 453 realizaram exame laboratorial, sendo que 359 atendimentos aconteceram no Laboratório Público. Houve maior prevalência para realização de exames laboratoriais há mais de um ano em pacientes com faixa etária de 30-39 anos de idade, da zona rural e sem consulta médica nos 12 últimos meses. Esse estudo é inédito na nossa região, traz resultados sobre o acesso aos exames laboratoriais, e,mesmo havendo limitações, foi capaz de indicar a situação atual do serviço na seara laboratorial. Também apontou para a necessidade de alguns ajustes, a fim de subsidiar melhorias e incrementos na prestação de serviço, de modo a melhorar a qualidade do atendimento proposto pelo SUS.

The right to health in Brazil was built through several changes, driven by different historical,economic, social and political events. With the enactment of the 1988 Federal Constitution, theright to health has become a fundamental right, allowing the emergence of Unified Health Sys-tem- SUS. SUS formally guarantee free access to various types of health services, but not necessarilyimplied the effective guarantee of the access. Speaking in the health services offered by SUS, it isreasonable to show that laboratory tests exist as essential tools to enable the com-prehensivenessof health care so necessary to its users. Within this context, this study aimed to evaluate the accessto laboratory tests for patients attended at Family Health Units - USF, in Vitória da Conquista city,BA. This is a cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, which data collection wasperformed using a semi-structured questionnaire adapted from the National Health Survey, whichinvestigated user characteristics attended at USF, service pro-vided by USF and the service forrouting and execution of laboratory tests. The selected USFs were Urbis V, Recanto das Águas,Iguá and São Sebastião. The population consisted of adults attended in USFs from Vitória daConquista city, aged equal or more than 20 years. A descrip-tive analysis as well as univariate andmultivariate analysis were perfomerd. The study com-pared the number of patients whounderwent laboratory examination in less than a year to those with laboratory tests occurred morethan one year. It was found that, of 522 patients interviewed in USFs, 453 underwent laboratorytests, and 359 were executed in the Public Laboratory. There was a higher prevalence oflaboratory tests for more than a year in patients aged 30-39 years old, from countryside and nomedical visit in the last 12 months. This study is unprecedented in our region, it brings results onthe access to laboratory tests, and, even with limitations, was able to indicate the current status ofthe service in the laboratory issue. It also pointed the need for some adjustments in order tosupport improvements and increases in service delivery to improve the quality of care proposed bySUS.

Antecedentes del modelo sanitario catalán / Antecedents of the Catalan health model

El modelo sanitario catalán es una forma peculiar de atender a las contingencias sociosanitarias del conjunto de la población, sobre la base de una tradición organizativa que integra a diferentes actores como la sociedad civil, los municipios, la Iglesia, las mutualidades, las fundaciones públicas o privadas, que a lo largo de los siglos se han coordinado y complementado para ofrecer una asistencia sociosanitaria de calidad, más allá del pobre o del transeúnte. Este modelo se basa en un concepto solidario de la sociedad alcanzado a través del pactismo social, preservado en el Derecho Civil catalán. A lo largo del siglo XX, en los 3 períodos de autogobierno que ha tenido Cataluña, se ha adaptado, sin perder sus rasgos esenciales, a las nuevas condiciones económicas, sociales y científicas que conforman la contemporaneidad, consiguiendo un remarcable nivel de eficiencia y un apreciable consenso social (AU)

The Catalan healthcare model is a particular way of addressing public health contingencies of the population as a whole, based on an organizational tradition that brings together stakeholders, such as the civil society, local government, the church, mutual care societies, public and private foundations, which for centuries have worked in coordination and complemented each other to provide quality public healthcare, far and beyond merely catering to the poor or those passing through. This model is based on a selfless, public spirited concept of society, achieved through a vocation to form social agreements, preserved in Catalan civil law. During the 3 periods of self-government Catalonia has enjoyed throughout the twentieth century, it has adapted to the economic, social, and scientific conditions, which define modern society, without sacrificing its fundamental features, thereby achieving a remarkable level of efficiency together with significant social consensus (AU)